英语 基础
数字
基础基数词(Cardinal Numbers)
1 ~ 12(基础词根)
- 1: one
/wʌn/ - 2: two
/tuː/ - 3: three
/θriː/ - 4: four
/fɔːr/ - 5: five
/faɪv/ - 6: six
/sɪks/ - 7: seven
/ˈsev.ən/ - 8: eight
/eɪt/ - 9: nine
/naɪn/ - 10: ten
/ten/ - 11: eleven
/əˈlev.ən/ - 12: twelve
/twelv/
13 ~ 19(-teen 结尾)
- 13: thirteen
/θɝːˈtiːn/ - 14: fourteen
/ˌfɔːrˈtiːn/ - 15: fifteen
/ˌfɪfˈtiːn/ - 16: sixteen
/ˌsɪkˈstiːn/ - 17: seventeen
/ˌsev.ənˈtiːn/ - 18: eighteen
/ˌeɪˈtiːn/ - 19: nineteen
/ˌnaɪnˈtiːn/
20 ~ 90 整十数(-ty 结尾)
- 20: twenty
/ˈtwen.t̬i/ - 30: thirty
/ˈθɝː.t̬i/ - 40: forty
/ˈfɔːr.t̬i/(注意:没有 u,不是 fourty) - 50: fifty
/ˈfɪf.ti/ - 60: sixty
/ˈsɪk.sti/ - 70: seventy
/ˈsev.ən.t̬i/ - 80: eighty
/ˈeɪ.t̬i/ - 90: ninety
/ˈnaɪn.t̬i/
组合数字(21~99) 整十数与个位数之间必须加连字符(-):
- 21: twenty-one
- 45: forty-five
- 99: ninety-nine
大数单位(Large Numbers)
在美式英语中,大数字采用三位一逗号(千位计数法):
- 100: one hundred
/ˈhʌn.drəd/ - 1,000: one thousand
/ˈθaʊ.zənd/ - 1,000,000(百万): one million
/ˈmɪl.jən/ - 1,000,000,000(十亿): one billion
/ˈbɪl.jən/ - 1,000,000,000,000(万亿): one trillion
/ˈtrɪl.jən/
美式读法细节: 在读三位数(如 205 或 350)时,英式英语习惯加 and(如 three hundred and fifty),而美式英语通常省略 and,直接读作 three hundred fifty。
基础序数词(Ordinal Numbers)
序数词表示“第几个”,通常在基数词后加 -th,但前三个为特殊词:
| 顺序 | 英文单词 | 缩写 |
|---|---|---|
| 第一 | first | 1st |
| 第二 | second | 2nd |
| 第三 | third | 3rd |
| 第四 | fourth | 4th |
| 第五 | fifth (ve变为f) | 5th |
| 第八 | eighth (直接加h) | 8th |
| 第九 | ninth (去e加th) | 9th |
| 第十二 | twelfth (ve变为f) | 12th |
| 第二十 | twentieth (y变ie加th) | 20th |
| 第二十一 | twenty-first | 21st |
需要补充的特殊表达(非自然数与小数)
| 类型 | 表达方式 / 词汇 | 示例 | 美式读法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | zero (口语或电话号码中有时读 oh) | 0 | zero |
| 小数 | point (代表小数点 .) |
3.14 | three point one four |
| 负数 | negative / minus | -5 | negative five |
| 百分比 | percent | 50% | fifty percent |
| 分数 | 分子用基数词,分母用序数词 (分子大于1时分母加s) | 1/4 | one fourth *(或 one quarter) |
| 2/3 | two thirds |
数学符号
1. 基础算术符号与四则运算(Basic Operations)
| 符号 | 名称 | 算式示例 | 标准美式读法 | 口语/简略读法 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| + | plus | 5 + 3 = 8 | Five plus three equals eight. | Five plus three is eight. |
| − | minus | 9 − 4 = 5 | Nine minus four equals five. | Nine minus four is five. |
| × / · | times / multiplied by | 6 × 7 = 42 | Six times seven equals forty-two. | Six multiplied by seven is forty-two. |
| ÷ / / | divided by | 20 ÷ 4 = 5 | Twenty divided by four equals five. | Twenty over four is five. |
| = | equals / is equal to | a = b | a equals b. | a is b. |
| ≠ | is not equal to | x ≠ y | x is not equal to y. | x does not equal y. |
| ≈ | is approximately equal to | x ≈ 3.14 | x is approximately equal to three point one four. | x is about three point one four. |
2. 乘方、根号与指数(Powers & Roots)
平方 (x2):x squared
52 = 25 → Five squared is twenty-five.
立方 (x3):x cubed
23 = 8 → Two cubed is eight.
n 次方 (xn):x to the power of n 或 x to the nth
24 = 16 → Two to the fourth power is sixteen (或 Two to the fourth is sixteen).
106 → Ten to the sixth.
二次平方根 ($\sqrt{x}$):the square root of x
$\sqrt{16} = 4$ → The square root of sixteen is four.
三次立方根 ($\sqrt[3]{x}$):the cube root of x
$\sqrt[3]{27} = 3$ → The cube root of twenty-seven is three.
n 次根 ($\sqrt[n]{x}$):the nth root of x
$\sqrt[4]{81} = 3$ → The fourth root of eighty-one is three.
3. 分数与小数(Fractions & Decimals)
小数读法:
- 符号
.读作 point,小数点后面的数字要单独一个个读出。 - 0.5 → zero point five
- 3.1415 → three point one four one five
- 0.05 → zero point zero five (口语中也常把 0 读作 oh,即 point oh five)
分数读法:
分子用基数词,分母用序数词;分子大于 1 时,分母序数词加 s。
$\frac{1}{3}$ → one third
$\frac{2}{3}$ → two thirds
$\frac{3}{4}$ → three fourths (也可以读作 three quarters)
$\frac{1}{2}$ → one half
复杂代数分数:若分子分母较长,常用 over 连接:
$\frac{a+b}{c}$ → a plus b all over c
4. 比较符号(Inequalities)
| 符号 | 表达方式 | 示例 | 美式读法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| > | is greater than | x > 5 | x is greater than five. |
| < | is less than | y < 10 | y is less than ten. |
| ≥ | is greater than or equal to | a ≥ 0 | a is greater than or equal to zero. |
| ≤ | is less than or equal to | b ≤ 100 | b is less than or equal to one hundred. |
5. 括号与常见代数符号(Brackets & Advanced Notation)
括号(Parentheses & Brackets):
() 小括号:parentheses
读算式 3 × (4 + 2) 时,可读作:Three times, in parentheses, four plus two.
[] 中括号:brackets / square brackets
{} 大括号:braces / curly brackets
常用高等/代数符号:
|x|(绝对值):the absolute value of x
f(x)(函数):f of x
±(加减号):plus or minus
x = ±5 → x is plus or minus five.
∑(求和):the sum of / sigma
∞(无穷大):infinity
π(圆周率):pi (读音同 pie /paɪ/)
单词
A
- affirmative
/əˈfɝː.mə.t̬ɪv/肯定的;赞成的 - American
/əˈmer.ɪ.kən/美国的;美国人的;美国人 - art
/ɑːrt/艺术;美术 - and
strong /ænd/ weak /ənd/ weak /ən/和;与 - an
strong /æn/ weak /ən/一(用于元音音素开头的单词前) - at
strong /æt/ weak /ət/在……;向…… - Alex
/ˈæl.ɪks/ - Australian
/ɑːˈstreɪl.jən/ - active
/ˈæk.tɪv/ - analyze
/ˈæn.əl.aɪz/
B
- basic
/ˈbeɪ.sɪk/基础的;基本的 - blue
/bluː/蓝色的;蓝色 - body
/ˈbɑː.di/身体;躯干 - but
strong /bʌt/ weak /bət/ - been
/bɪn/ /ben/ /biːn/ - browser
/ˈbraʊ.zɚ/
C
- Chicago
/ʃɪˈkɑː.ɡoʊ/芝加哥(美国城市) - color
/ˈkʌl.ɚ/颜色;色彩 - close
/kloʊz/ - chest
/tʃest/ - checkout
/ˈtʃek.aʊt/ - children
/ˈtʃɪl.drən/ - crash
/kræʃ/ - change
/tʃeɪndʒ/ - code
/koʊd/
D
- doctor
/ˈdɑːk.tɚ/医生;博士 - dog
/dɑːɡ/ - delete
/dɪˈliːt/ - default
/dɪˈfɑːlt/ - data
/ˈdeɪ.t̬ə/ /ˈdæt̬.ə/
E
- edit
/ˈed.ɪt/
F
- from
strong /frʌm/ weak /frəm/来自;从……起 - father
/ˈfɑː.ðɚ/父亲;爸爸 - favorite
/ˈfeɪ.vər.ət/最喜欢的;最喜欢的人或物 - flower
/ˈflaʊ.ɚ/ - file
/faɪl/ - filter
/ˈfɪl.tɚ/ - find
/faɪnd/ - format
/ˈfɔːr.mæt/ - false
/fɑːls/
G
- grammar
/ˈɡræm.ɚ/语法
H
- happily
/ˈhæp.əl.i/快乐地;幸福地 - head
/hed/头部;首领 - hungry
/ˈhʌŋ.ɡri/ - help
/help/ - has
strong /hæz/ weak /həz/ /əz/
I
- in
/ɪn/在……里面;在……期间 - interested
/ˈɪn.trɪ.stɪd/感兴趣的 - igloo
/ˈɪɡ.luː/冰屋(圆顶雪屋) - import
/ɪmˈpɔːrt/
J
- journalist
/ˈdʒɝː.nə.lɪst/新闻记者;报业人员 - Java
/ˈdʒɑː.və/ - Jane
/dʒeɪn/
L
- live
/lɪv/居住;生活;生存 - language
/ˈlæŋ.ɡwɪdʒ/
M
- mother
/ˈmʌð.ɚ/母亲;妈妈
N
- negative
/ˈneɡ.ə.t̬ɪv/否定的;负面的;消极的 - not
/nɑːt/不;没有 - no
/noʊ/不;没有 - next
/nekst/ - now
/naʊ/
O
- or
strong /ɔːr/ weak /ɚ/或者;否则 - old
/oʊld/ - of
strong /ɑːv/ weak /əv/ - option
/ˈɑːp.ʃən/ - open
/ˈoʊ.pən/
P
- politics
/ˈpɑː.lə.tɪks/政治;政治学 - python
/ˈpaɪ.θɑːn/蟒蛇 - project
noun /ˈprɑː.dʒekt/ verb /prəˈdʒekt/
Q
- question
/ˈkwes.tʃən/问题;疑问
R
- running
/ˈrʌn.ɪŋ/ - recover
/rɪˈkʌv.ɚ/
S
- student
/ˈstuː.dənt/学生;学者 - sports
/spɔːrts/体育运动;运动的 - swimming
/ˈswɪm.ɪŋ/游泳 - strong
/strɑːŋ/强壮的;坚固的;强烈的 - script
/skrɪpt/脚本;剧本;手迹 - sister
/ˈsɪs.tɚ/ - scared
/skerd/ - select
/səˈlekt/ - save
/seɪv/ - symbol
/ˈsɪm.bəl/
T
- tennis
/ˈten.ɪs/网球 - tip
/tɪp/ - tired
/taɪrd/ - these
/ðiːz/ - tool
/tuːl/ - tree
/triː/ - table
/ˈteɪ.bəl/ - true
/truː/
U
use
verb /juːz/ noun /juːs/使用;利用unit
/ˈjuː.nɪt/
V
- view
/vjuː/
W
- weak
/wiːk/软弱的;虚弱的 - workspace
/ˈwɝːk.speɪs/ - would
strong /wʊd/ weak /wəd/ weak /əd/
Y
- year
/jɪr/
人名
- Anna
/ˈæn.ə/ - Tim
/tɪm/ - Pim
/pɪm/
语法
am/is/are
am strong /æm/ weak /əm/ is
strong /ɪz/ weak /z/ /s/ are
strong /ɑːr/ weak /ɚ/
肯定
I /aɪ/ |
am | I’m /aɪm/ |
he strong /hiː/ weak /hi/ weak /i/ |
is | he’s /hiːz/ |
she strong /ʃiː/ weak /ʃi/ |
is | she’s strong /ʃiːz/ weak /ʃiz/ |
it /ɪt/ |
is | it’s /ɪts/ |
we strong /wiː/ weak /wi/ |
are | we’re /wɪr/ |
you /juː/ /jə/ /jʊ/ |
are | you’re /jʊr/ /jɚ/ |
they /ðeɪ/ |
are | they’re /ðer/ |
否定
| I | am not | I’m not |
| he | is not | he’s not or he isn’t
/ˈɪz.ənt/ |
| she | is not | she’s not or she isn’t |
| it | is not | it’s not or it isn’t |
| we | are not | we’re not or we aren’t /ɑːrnt/ |
| you | are not | you’re not or you aren’t |
| they | are not | they’re not or they aren’t |
提问
I am –> am I? he is –> is he? she is –> is she? it is –> is it? we are –> are we? you are –> are you? they are –> are they?
发音
单词后接s(’s)
第一组:/p, t, k, f, θ/ (这 5 个清音) ➔ 读
/s/
第二组:/s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ (这 6 个咝音) ➔ 读
/ɪz/(特殊: 多一个音节, 单词后接的是-es)
其余所有音标(不论是剩下的浊辅音,还是所有的元音) ➔ 统统读
/z/!
相似的发音
- 咬舌音 vs 平舌音(舌尖位置)
- /θ/ vs /s/ ➔ think vs sink
- /ð/ vs /z/ ➔ they vs zey (拼读对比) / clothe vs close
- 咬唇音 vs 嘴唇音(唇齿接触)
- /v/ vs /w/ ➔ vine vs wine
- /v/ vs /b/ ➔ vote vs boat
- 卷舌音 vs 齿龈音(舌尖接触)
- /r/ vs /l/ ➔ rice vs lice
- 大张嘴 vs 小张嘴(下巴幅度)
- /æ/ vs /ɛ/ ➔ bad vs bed
- /ʌ/ vs /ɑː/ ➔ cup vs cop
- 紧绷音 vs 放松音(肌肉松紧)
- /iː/ vs /ɪ/ ➔ sheep vs ship
- /uː/ vs /ʊ/ ➔ fool vs full
- 齿龈鼻音 vs 软腭鼻音(舌根遮挡)
- /n/ vs /ŋ/ ➔ sin vs sing
- /n/ vs /ŋ/ ➔ thin vs thing
- 重读卷舌 vs 弱读卷舌(音量与时长)
- /ɝ/ vs /ɚ/ ➔ bird vs teacher
- /ɝ/ vs /ɚ/ ➔ turn vs water
构词法
$$\text{单词} = \underbrace{\text{前缀 (Prefix)}}_{\text{改变意思/方向}} + \underbrace{\text{词根 (Root)}}_{\text{核心动作/含义}} + \underbrace{\text{后缀 (Suffix)}}_{\text{改变词性}}$$
前缀
- ad(af)-(表示:去……/朝向/加强)
词根
自由词根(本身就是一个独立的日常单词)
- firm
/fɝːm/ - quest
/kwest/ - journal
/ˈdʒɝː.nəl/ - favor
/ˈfeɪ.vɚ/
粘附词根(不能单独存在,必须挂前后缀)
- neg –>
no/not - gram –>
write(写) 或 letter(字母/文字)
后缀
形容词
- -ive
- -ative
- -itive
名词
- -ion
- -ar
- -ist
名词 / 形容词
-ite